Abdominal pain is the discomfort and sensations like throbbing, cramping, burning and spasmodic pain in the internal organs of the abdominal region. Different disorders in the appendix, ovary, gall bladder, liver, kidney, large and small intestine lead to this pain. First aid management will help in relieving the condition. The steps are

1. Let the patient lie down or sit in a comfortable position. Often a comfortable position reduces the discomfort and pain. For many, bending forward reduces pain in pancreatic.
    
2. For maintaining adequate hydration give boiled water to the patient.
    
3. If, there is a suspicion of internal obstruction or appendicitis, then keep the patient on fasting.
    
4. Apply heat pads over affected areas.
    
5. If patients complain of burning sensation or has a history of peptic ulcer, then give antacid.
    
6. When patients in shock, lie them, elevate their legs and put a blanket around them.

Animal bites and stings require medical attention as there are chances of infection and poisoning. Deep puncture caused due to sting or bites transmits germs deep inside the tissue. Few symptoms of animal bit are skin break, bleeding, puncture, bruise, cut, localized warmth in the affected area, redness or swelling and fluid oozing out. Animal bites and sting requires first aid, which will be followed by treatment depending on the severity.

1. If there is profuse bleeding for 10 minutes, then apply steady and direct pressure.
    
2. Wash the puncture or wound with running water and soap.
    
3. Dress the wound with a sterile bandage or adhesives.
    
4. For minor bruises, you can apply an antibiotic cream on the area.
    
5. If there is a puncture, with torn skin and heavy bleeding, then control it by applying pressure and raising the affected body part.

^{_{Small cuts, broken bones, injuries of organs all results in bleeding. If it is caused due to cuts, scratches or wounds, then prior to taking any medical help, first aid is a viable option. It results in fear and anxiety and severe bleeding leads to a shock. Pain, discoloration, bruising, inability to perform normally and sweaty skin are a few common symptoms of bleeding. For first aid, you need to wear disposable gloves or wash hands and follow.}}

1. ^{_{Ensure the person is calm, make them lie down and if there is heavy bleeding, then raise the affected area above the level of the heart to reduce the rate.}}
2. ^{_{Clean debris, dirt or any embedded object from the wound. If the wound is small, wash it with running water.}}
3. ^{_{Place a bandage on the wound and apply pressure for controlling bleeding. If blood seeps, put another layer of bandage.}}

A broken bone or fracture might be due to injury, accident or trauma and needs immediate medical attention. These are not life-threatening, you might not see any blood on the surface of the skin, but it might lead to internal bleeding. There are both open and closed fractures depending on the nature of the damage. Common symptoms of broken bones are intense pain that aggravates with movement, bluish color, numbness, swelling, heavy bleeding, protruding bone and deformity. A first aid care is important to avoid further injury.

1. Remove clothes from the affected area.
2. Do not move the victim or try to realign the broken bone.
3. On the injury, place a sterile bandage and apply pressure to stop bleeding, if any.
4. Apply cold compress or ice packs on the swelling as it helps in relieving pain.
5. Tie a splint on the injured area as it provides comfort.

Choking occurs when the airway is blocked by any foreign object and you are unable to breathe. Mild blockage can be cleared by coughing, but for severe one without a first aid, they might lose consciousness. Due to choking oxygen is cut off from the brain so administering first aid is a necessity. Hand clutching the throat is a common sign of choking, other symptoms are difficulty in breathing, nails, lips and skin turning blue, losing consciousness and difficulty in breathing. If the victim is conscious.

1. Give 5 blows with the heel of the palm in the area between the two shoulder blades.
2. Provide abdominal thrusts, by standing behind the victim and wrapping arms around waist. The clenched fist should be above the navel level. Now, pull them upward and inward as if trying to lift them.
3. Perform 5 thrusts and if the foreign object is out not then followed it with 5 blows to the back.

A cut is an opening of the sin which might be deep or smooth. It affects muscles, tendons, blood vessels and nerves. Wounds are painful and if it is contaminated with bacteria and dirt, there might be an outbreak of infection. If there is a foreign material in the puncture then the wound becomes painful. Pain and bleeding are two common symptoms of wounds or cuts. A first aid is necessary to stop bleeding and prevent infection.

1. Wash hands and wear protective gloves.
2. Elevate the wound, apply a sterile bandage and put pressure to stop bleeding.
3. Clean the wound with running water and soap. You can use tweezers for cleaning foreign bodies inside the wound.
4. Apply a layer of antibiotic ointment to cover the wound as it prevents spread of infection.

Diabetes is caused due to any pancreatic disorder where no insulin is produced. The majority of diabetes patients can manage conditions well by administering insulin. However, if there is a drop in the level of sugar and there is an urgent need of patients for first aid, the condition is also referred as hypoglycemia. Few important symptoms are extreme tiredness, abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, severe thirst, headache, dizziness, sweaty skin, rapid loss and erratic behavior. Prior to any attention from medical professionals, you can provide first aids like

1. Let them sit and provide a sugar rich food or drink.
2. In case, the victim relies on a certain glucose gel, let them have it.
3. If the response is fast, then provide them with food or drink so that they feel better.

4. It is important to monitor the level of glucose till they recover fully.

Diarrhea is mostly caused due to gastrointestinal infections. Across different age groups diarrhea is a common illness that leads to loss of fluids, minerals and essential salts. Owing to this loss, the body is dehydrated and leads to imbalance in electrolyte level. Food allergies, poisoning, excessive intake of caffeine and alcohol can lead to diarrhea. Fever, cramps in the abdominal region, frequent stool, tiredness, dehydration, weight loss and appetite loss are a few common symptoms that are evident. First aid measures that you can follow are

1. Give WHO recommended rehydration salts or a mixture salt with water to the patients.
2. Avoid milk-based food, caffeine, apple juice or alcohol as it makes the condition worse.
3. Make sure that the intake of fluid is higher to compensate what they have lost in the process.
4. Let them have plain yogurt as it normalizes the bowel movement.

Electric Shock or electrocution occurs when there is flow of electric current through the human body. Since the human body comprises of almost 60 to 70 percent of water, it serves as a good electrical conductor. These shocks result in burns of the exterior surface and internal organs. As a result of electric shock few symptoms are seizures, contraction of muscles, falling down, burns, fractures, dehydration, blood clotting and narcosis. If a person is electrocuted few first aid steps that you can follow are

1. Turn off the source of electricity.
2. If you cannot turn it off, stand on a non-conductive surface and separate the person from the power source with the use of plastic or wooden objects.
3. Check the patient for breathing, if not, then do Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation.
4. If there are minor burns, treat those immediately.
5. In cases, of sudden fall, check for fracture of body parts.

Splinters like parts of plastics, metal, wood and glass are often embedded in the skin as part of different activities. If those are not removed from the skin, it might cause an allergic reaction or infection. For removing splinters, you do not require any medical assistance. As a result of embedded splinters, you will notice a speck on the skin. Often there is pain, swelling, redness, pus or warmth associated with it that results in infection. You might even feel pain in the affected area or something stuck in your skin. First aid that can help you in this condition are

1. Wash hands and the area where the splinter is stuck with warm water and soap.
2. Sterilize tweezers or needles, lift the skin over the foreign object and take it out.
3. Squeeze the area, let it bleed to wash germs and cover it with a bandage.

Injury of the head needs to be treated seriously as it might damage the brain. In many cases, the injury and damage is not evident in the initial hours. Severity of the condition depends on how the head was injured and its impact. If the response level of the victim deteriorates or watery blood seeps from nose or ear, then consider it to be a serious condition. Few symptoms are blurred vision, pounding headache, loss of coordination, altered sensation, vomiting, altered state of consciousness, loss of memory, loss of balance and leaking of fluid from the nose. Prior to any medical assistance, you can apply first aids like

1. Assess the present condition of patients.
2. Cover the wound with sterile bandages.
3. Do not leave the patient alone, check the consciousness level and breathing.
4. Treat other injuries, if any.
5. If there is a rise in temperature, cover the patient with a blanket.

When there is a blockage in the supply of blood to the heart or a blood clot, it results in heart attack. It might occur anytime of the day during activities like shopping, watching television or while sleeping. Symptoms of a heart attack might vary depending on the condition of the body. Few of these are pain in the central position of chest, and gradually spreading to chest, neck, shoulders, teeth, arms and upper abdomen, nausea, sweating, dizziness, numbness, lightheadedness, perspiration, pale skin and weak pulse. Any of these symptoms, need the attention of doctors, but till the medical help arises, you can try first tips like

Make them lean against the wall so that shoulders and head get support, you can bend the knees as it helps in easing the pressure.

1. Provide them Aspirin, if they are not allergic and make them chew it.
2. Keep a check of pulse, breathing and response.

Nose bleeding is common and it occurs when there is flow of blood from both nostrils. This is caused if the blood vessels in the nostrils are ruptured. Causes of bleeding are high pressure, dryness, allergies, infections, certain types of medication, sneezing, blowing or picking of the nose. Nose bleed might look scary but it is harmless and it is common among elderlies and children. Bleeding lasts for a few minutes, but if there is a blow on the head, then the blood will appear watery and thin and it requires immediate medical treatment. As a first aid, the attempt should be to stop bleeding open the airway.

1. Let them sit upright as it reduces blood pressure and leaning forward to prevent swallowing of blood.
2. Breathe through the mouth by pinching the nostrils shut. Pinch for ten minutes as it stops bleeding.
3. If bleeding continues, apply force on the nose.

Poisoning is the result of exposure of the human body to harmful chemicals either through breathing, injecting and swallowing. Poisoning can be caused due to accidents and first aid is important during these emergencies as it helps in saving life. Symptoms and signs of poisoning often mimic different conditions like redness or burns around the lips and mouth, difficulty in breathing, vomiting, drowsiness and altered mental state. These symptoms develop over time, but if you know that a victim is poisoned then do not wait for signs to surface. First aid tips are

1. Check the pulse, breathing and airway. If the person vomits, then help them to clean the throat and mouth, but prior to it wrap clear cloth around the finger.
2. Let the person sit in a comfortable position and make them roll on the left side.
3. In case, poison spills on clothes, then remove the cloth.

Smoke inhalation is the major cause of death when there is a fire break out. It occurs when a victim breathes in smoke caused due to combustion of various products. Predicting the actual composition of smoke is impossible, but it mainly comprises of gas and particles. Owing to this a person suffers from both thermal and chemical injuries in different parts of the airway by various harmful gasses like carbon monoxide and cyanide. Symptoms of this condition depend on heat source or exposure of a victim to the smoke. Nausea, headache, trouble in breathing, hoarseness, cough, fainting and irritation in eyes. As first aid

1. You can relocate the person from the scene of combustion to an area with clean air. In short, move them to safety.
2. Lay down the person or let them sit without any pressure on back as it might instigate coughing or vomiting.
3. If they are not breathing, then start the CPR process.

If there is an injury of the ligaments due to partial or complete tear it is called Sprain. Ligaments are elastic-like, tough bands that hold bones and joints in proper place. Knee and ankle sprains are reported most commonly. The degree of swelling and pain determines the severity of the condition. Signs of a sprain are pain in the affected area, inability to move the injured area and swelling. The majority of the sprains can be treated at home with few first aid tips.

1. Lay the person in a comfortable position and rest the affected area. Using a sling or a crutch will be beneficial.
2. Now apply ice on the area for a maximum of 20 minutes.
3. Wrap a compressive bandage on the affected area.
4. Now elevate the area above the level of the heart to keep swelling at bay.

Toothache is common across different age groups and primary reason for it is tooth decay. Bacteria thrives on the starch and sugar in the food that you will consume. Acid that these bacteria produce forms a sticky plaque on the outer layer of the teeth, which in a way creates a cavity. Sign of tooth decay is pain while eating hot, cold and sweet things. Other symptoms are swelling of the jaws and bleeding of gums or tooth. If there is a sign of a toothache, then few first aid tips are

1. Rinse your mouth with lukewarm water.
2. To remove any food particle between teeth, use dental floss.
3. For relieving the pain intake, over-the-counter drug, but refrain from using aspirin.
4. Apply clove oil with cotton on the sore throat.
5. If the cause is trauma, then apply a cold compress on the cheek.